Drive shaft assembly

ABSTRACT

A drive shaft assembly includes a drive shaft that includes a first cylindrical end having a first diameter, a cylindrical portion having a second diameter, and a second cylindrical end having the first diameter. A first distal end of the drive shaft includes a first distal spherical indentation. A first adapter cap includes a first tapered inner aperture and a first seal disposed within a first groove formed in a circumference of the first tapered inner aperture. The first tapered inner aperture is configured to receive the first cylindrical end of the drive shaft and the first seal forms a seal with the cylindrical portion of the drive shaft having the second diameter. A first adapter includes a first distal spherical indentation. A first distal spherical ball is removably attached to the first distal spherical indentation.

CROSS-REFRENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/882,277, filed on Oct. 13, 2015, which is a continuation of PCTInternational Application PCT/US2015/030430, filed on May 12, 2015, bothof which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydrocarbon exploration includes drilling operations that seek torecover hydrocarbon deposits from below the Earth's surface. Typically,a drilling rig is used to drill a wellbore (straight and/or directional)that provides access to a subsurface formation. In addition, a drillingrig may be used to stimulate an existing well and gain access to moreremote subsurface formations. Hydraulic fracturing is an example of aneffective well-stimulation technique in which a geologic formation ishydraulically fractured by a high-pressure fluid to extract thehydrocarbon deposits disposed therein.

Conventional drilling methods include the use of a top drive, or rotarytable, drilling system that is configured to rotate a drill string and adrill bit from the surface or the use of a hydraulic drilling systemthat is configured to rotate a drill bit downhole using hydrostaticpressure. In certain applications, more than one drilling method may beused at different times during the course of drilling operations. Forexample, a top drive drilling system may be used to establish asubstantially vertical wellbore and a hydraulic drilling system may beused as part of slide drilling operations to drill in a directionalmanner. Because of advances in directional drilling and well-stimulationtechniques, more remote subsurface formations are now accessible forhydrocarbon recovery.

A conventional hydraulic drilling system includes a hydraulic powersection, sometimes referred to as a mud motor, which is disposeddownhole to convert hydraulic energy from drilling fluid and/or drillingmud into mechanical energy that rotates a drill bit. A conventional mudmotor uses a Moineau progressive cavity positive displacement pumpsystem that typically includes a helical rotor inserted into a doublehelix stator. The interference fit between the rotor and the statorforms a number of sealed cavities. As fluid enters a cavity formed at aninlet, hydrostatic pressure forces the fluid through the cavities towardan outlet and rotates the rotor eccentrically within the stator. Theeccentric rotation of the rotor is transferred to the drill bit by adrive shaft assembly that seeks to reduce or eliminate eccentricitywhile transferring torque to the drill bit.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of one or more embodiments of the presentinvention, a drive shaft assembly includes a drive shaft comprising afirst cylindrical end having a first diameter, a cylindrical portionhaving a second diameter, and a second cylindrical end having the firstdiameter. A first distal end of the drive shaft includes a first distalspherical indentation and a second distal end of the drive shaftincludes a second distal spherical indentation. A first adapter capincludes a first tapered inner aperture and a first seal disposed withina first groove formed in a circumference of the first tapered inneraperture. The first tapered inner aperture is configured to receive thefirst cylindrical end of the drive shaft and the first seal forms a sealwith the cylindrical portion of the drive shaft having the seconddiameter. A first adapter includes a first distal spherical indentation.A first distal spherical ball is removably attached to the first distalspherical indentation of the first adapter. A second adapter capincludes a second tapered inner aperture and a second seal disposedwithin a second groove formed in a circumference of the second taperedinner aperture. The second tapered inner aperture is configured toreceive the second cylindrical end of the drive shaft and the secondseal forms a seal with the cylindrical portion of the drive shaft havingthe second diameter. A second adapter includes a second distal sphericalindentation. A second distal spherical ball is removably attached to thesecond distal spherical indentation of the second adapter.

Other aspects of the present invention will be apparent from thefollowing description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a hydraulic drilling system inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2A shows an assembled view of a conventional drive shaft assembly.

FIG. 2B shows an exploded view of the conventional drive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3A shows a first step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3B shows a second step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3C shows a third step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3D shows a fourth step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3E shows a fifth step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3F shows a sixth step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3G shows a seventh step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3H shows an eighth step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 3I shows a ninth step of a method of assembling a conventionaldrive shaft assembly.

FIG. 4A shows an assembled view of a drive shaft assembly in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4B shows an exploded view of the drive shaft assembly in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5A shows a bottom perspective view of an adapter of a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5B shows a top perspective view of the adapter of the drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5C shows a side view of the adapter of the drive shaft assembly inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5D shows a top view of the adapter of the drive shaft assembly inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6A shows a bottom perspective view of an adapter cap of a driveshaft assembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6B shows a top perspective view of the adapter cap of the driveshaft assembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6C shows a side view of the adapter cap of the drive shaft assemblyin accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6D shows a cross-section side view of the adapter cap of the driveshaft assembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7A shows a perspective view of a drive shaft of a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7B shows a side view of a drive shaft of a drive shaft assembly inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7C shows a top view of a drive shaft of a drive shaft assembly inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7D shows a bottom view of a drive shaft of a drive shaft assemblyin accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8A shows a first step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8B shows a second step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8C shows a third step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8D shows a fourth step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8E shows a fifth step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8F shows a sixth step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8G shows a seventh step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 8H shows a eighth step of a method of assembling a drive shaftassembly in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 shows a portion of a bottom hole assembly in accordance with oneor more embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One or more embodiments of the present invention are described in detailwith reference to the accompanying figures. For consistency, likeelements in the various figures are denoted by like reference numerals.In the following detailed description of the present invention, specificdetails are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding ofthe present invention. In other instances, well-known features to one ofordinary skill in the art are not described to avoid obscuring thedescription of the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a hydraulic drilling system, or rig,100 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention.For purposes of illustration only, a coiled tubing rig 100 is depictedin FIG. 1. Coiled tubing rig 100 may be used in various applicationsincluding, for example, drilling operations, well stimulation includinghydraulic fracturing, well intervention, and repair and remediationwork. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other typesof hydraulic drilling systems (not shown) may be used in accordance withone or more embodiments of the present invention.

Coiled tubing rig 100 includes a sufficient length of tubing 130 spooledon a coiled tubing reel 110 that is disposed above the surface 103. Afirst end (not shown) of tubing 130 remains disposed above the surface103 and is in fluid communication with a fluid source (not shown) thatprovides drilling fluid and/or drilling mud (not shown) under pressure.A second end (not shown) of tubing 130 is disposed downhole 105 and isin fluid communication with a bottom hole assembly (“BHA”) 195 thatreceives the drilling fluid and/or drilling mud (not shown) providedfrom the surface 103. An injector head 120 may be used to push and/orpull the tubing 130 into or out of wellbore 105 to position the BHA 195in a desired location.

BHA 195 typically includes top sub 140, hydraulic power section 150,drive shaft assembly 160, flow diverter 170, bearing assembly 180, anddrill bit 190. Top sub 140 is a tubular connector that provides a fluidconnection between tubing 130 and hydraulic power section 150. Hydraulicpower section, or mud motor, 150 uses the hydrostatic pressure of thedrilling fluid and/or drilling mud (not shown) to provide eccentricrotation to drive shaft assembly 160. One of ordinary skill in the artwill recognize that a given hydraulic power section 150 may vary basedon one or more design characteristics such as, for example, the numberof stages (not shown), the lobe ratio (not shown), the external diameter(not shown), the design of the rotor, and the design of the stator. Inaddition, one of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize that agiven hydraulic power section 150 may vary in the rotational speed,torque, or amount of eccentricity it produces. Drive shaft assembly 160reduces or eliminates the eccentricity of the hydraulic power section150 and provides substantially concentric rotation to drill bit 190 viabearing assembly 180 and flow diverter 170. In this way, drive shaftassembly 160 transfers torque from the hydraulic power section 150 tothe mandrel (not shown) of the bearing assembly 180 and, ultimately, thedrill bit 190. Flow diverter 170 is disposed between drive shaftassembly 160 and bearing assembly 180 and provides an inlet for drillingfluid and/or drilling mud (not shown) to lubricate and cool the bearings(not shown) and the mandrel (not shown) of bearing assembly 180 duringdrilling operations.

FIG. 2A shows an assembled view of a conventional drive shaft assembly160 a. Conventional drive shaft assembly 160 a includes, in part, firstadapter 210 a, first adapter cap 220 a, drive shaft 230, second adaptercap 220 b, and second adapter 210 b. First adapter 210 a is mechanicallyconnected to a hydraulic power section (e.g., 150 of FIG. 1) andreceives eccentric rotation from the hydraulic power section (e.g., 150of FIG. 1). The rotation of first adapter 210 a rotates drive shaft 230.The rotation of drive shaft 230 rotates second adapter 210 b. Therotation of second adapter 210 b rotates a flow diverter (e.g., 170 ofFIG. 1) that rotates a mandrel (not shown) of a bearing assembly (e.g.,180 of FIG. 1) that in turn rotates a drill bit (e.g., 190 of FIG. 1).Because of the freedom of movement between first adapter 210 a and driveshaft 230 and the freedom of movement between drive shaft 230 and secondadapter 210 b, the eccentric rotation of first adapter 210 a isconverted into substantially concentric rotation at second adapter 210b.

Continuing in FIG. 2B, an exploded view of the conventional drive shaftassembly 160 a is shown. As noted above, conventional drive shaftassembly 160 a includes first adapter 210 a, first adapter cap 220 a,drive shaft 230, second adapter cap 220 b, and second adapter 210 b.Conventional drive shaft assembly 160 a also includes first berylliumcopper cap 240 a, first boot 250 a, first split ring clamp 260 a, afirst plurality of spherical balls 232, a second plurality of sphericalballs 232, second split ring clamp 260 b, second boot 250 b, and secondberyllium copper cap 240 b.

First beryllium copper cap 240 a is a consumable component typicallymade of beryllium copper. First beryllium copper cap 240 a is asubstantially cylindrical member that has diameter and a height thatallows first beryllium copper cap 240 a to be inserted into acorresponding cavity of first adapter 210 a that is configured toreceive it. A first side of first beryllium copper cap 240 a includes aflat surface that is in moveable contact with a flat surface (not shown)of the corresponding cavity of first adapter 210 a. A second side offirst beryllium copper cap 240 a includes a spherical indentation (notshown) configured to receive a portion of a first spherical end of driveshaft 230. A spherical indentation is a portion of a spherical shapethat lies above or below a given plane. In operation, first berylliumcopper cap 240 a tends to wear out over time giving rise to a variety offailure modes. As such, first beryllium copper cap 240 a must be removedand replaced at regular intervals requiring the cessation of drillingoperations, removal of the BHA from the wellbore, disassembly of thedrive shaft assembly 160 a, replacement of the first beryllium coppercap 240 a, reassembly of the drive shaft assembly 160 a, andredeployment of the BHA.

First boot 250 a is another consumable component that is typically madeof synthetic rubber or fluoropolymer elastomer. First boot 250 aincludes a first end having a flared aperture of a first diameter and asecond end having an aperture of a second diameter. A portion of driveshaft 230 extends through the second aperture of first boot 250 a andthe first end of first boot 250 a covers a portion of a first universaljoint formed by the first adapter cap 220 a, the first spherical end ofdrive shaft 230, the first plurality of spherical balls 232, the firstberyllium copper cap 240 a, and the first adapter 210 a protecting thefirst joint from drilling fluid and/or drilling mud and otherparticulate matter. In this way, first boot 250 a functions as atemporary seal that protects the first joint from contamination andretains the lubrication necessary for the functionality of the firstjoint. In operation, first boot 250 a tends to deform and ultimatelydisintegrate allowing the first joint to become contaminated, loselubrication, and ultimately fail. As such, first boot 250 a must beremoved and/or replaced at regular intervals requiring the cessation ofdrilling operations, removal of the BHA from the wellbore, disassemblyof the drive shaft assembly 160 a, replacement of the first boot 250 a,reassembly of the drive shaft assembly 160 a, and redeployment of theBHA.

First split ring clamp 260 a is a retention member that is typicallymade out of a metal. First split ring clamp 260 a includes a first endhaving a flared aperture of a first diameter and a second end having anaperture of a second diameter. The first end of first split ring clamp260 a wraps around the first end of first boot 250 a within an innerdiameter of first adapter cap 210 a. The second end of first split ringclamp 260 a is flush with an inner diameter of first adapter cap 220 aand closes the clamp 260 a when first adapter cap 220 a is removablyattached to first adapter 210 a. First adapter cap 220 a includes afirst end (male threaded) configured to mate with a second end (femalethreaded) of first adapter 210 a. The first end (male threaded) of firstadapter 210 a is connected to a hydraulic power section (e.g., 150 ofFIG. 1).

Drive shaft 230 includes the first spherical end and a second sphericalend. Around the circumference of the first spherical end, a firstplurality of spherical indentations is formed that are configured toreceive the first plurality of spherical balls 232. Around thecircumference of the second spherical end, a second plurality ofspherical indentations is formed that are configured to receive thesecond plurality of spherical balls 232.

Second beryllium copper cap 240 b is a consumable component typicallymade of beryllium copper. Second beryllium copper cap 240 b is asubstantially cylindrical member that has diameter and a height thatallows second beryllium copper cap 240 b to be inserted into acorresponding cavity of second adapter 210 b that is configured toreceive it. A first side of second beryllium copper cap 240 b includes aflat surface (not shown) that is in moveable contact with a flat surfaceof the corresponding cavity of second adapter 210 b. A second side ofsecond beryllium copper cap 240 b includes a spherical indentationconfigured to receive a portion of a second spherical end of drive shaft230. In operation, second beryllium copper cap 240 b tends to wear outover time giving rise to a variety of failure modes. As such, secondberyllium copper cap 240 b must be removed and replaced at regularintervals requiring the cessation of drilling operations, removal of theBHA from the wellbore, disassembly of the drive shaft assembly 160 a,replacement of the second beryllium copper cap 240 b, reassembly of thedrive shaft assembly 160 a, and redeployment of the BHA.

Second boot 250 b is another consumable component that is typically madeof synthetic rubber or fluoropolymer elastomer. Second boot 250 bincludes a first end having a flared aperture of a first diameter and asecond end having an aperture of a second diameter. A portion of driveshaft 230 extends through the second aperture of second boot 250 b andthe first end of second boot 250 b covers a portion of a seconduniversal joint formed by the second adapter cap 220 b, the secondspherical end of drive shaft 230, the second plurality of sphericalballs 232, the second beryllium copper cap 240 b, and the second adapter210 b protecting the second joint from drilling fluid and/or drillingmud and other particulate matter. In this way, second boot 250 bfunctions as a temporary seal that protects the second joint fromcontamination and retains the lubrication necessary for thefunctionality of the second joint. In operation, second boot 250 b tendsto deform and ultimately disintegrate allowing the second joint tobecome contaminated, lose lubrication, and ultimately fail. As such,second boot 250 b must be removed and/or replaced at regular intervalsrequiring the cessation of drilling operations, removal of the BHA fromthe wellbore, disassembly of the drive shaft assembly 160 a, replacementof the second boot 250 b, reassembly of the drive shaft assembly 160 a,and redeployment of the BHA.

Second split ring clamp 260 b is a retention member that is typicallymade out of metal. Second split ring clamp 260 b includes a first endhaving a flared aperture of a first diameter and a second end having anaperture of a second diameter. The first end of second split ring clamp260 b wraps around the first end of second boot 250 b within an interiordiameter of second adapter 210 b. The second end of second split ringclamp 260 b is flush with second adapter cap 220 b and closes the clamp260 b when second adapter cap 220 b is removably attached to secondadapter 210 b. Second adapter cap 220 b includes a first end (malethreaded) configured to mate with a second end (female threaded) ofsecond adapter 210 b. The first end (male threaded) of second adapter210 b is connected to a bearing assembly (e.g., 180 of FIG. 1) by way ofa flow diverter (e.g., 170 of FIG. 1).

FIGS. 3A through 3I shows a method of assembling a conventional driveshaft assembly 160 a. In FIG. 3A, conventional drive shaft 230 includesa first spherical end and a second spherical end. Around thecircumference of the first spherical end, a first plurality of sphericalindentations is formed that are configured to receive a first pluralityof spherical balls (232 of FIG. 2B). Around the circumference of thesecond spherical end, a second plurality of spherical indentations isformed that are configured to receive a second plurality of sphericalballs (232 of FIG. 2B). The first and the second plurality of sphericalindentations may be greased to help hold the first and the secondplurality of spherical balls (232 of FIG. 2B) in place at a later time.Continuing in FIG. 3B, a first adapter cap 220 a is disposed around afirst end of drive shaft 230 and a second adapter cap 220 b is disposedaround a second end of drive shaft 230. The first adapter cap 220 a andthe second adapter cap 220 b are positioned such that their malethreaded ends are directed outward as shown in the figure. Continuing inFIG. 3C, a first boot 250 a is pulled over the first spherical end ofdrive shaft 230 and a second boot 250 b is pulled over the secondspherical end of drive shaft 230. The first boot 250 a and the secondboot 250 b are positioned such that their first flared apertures aredirected outward towards the respective spherical ends of drive shaft230 as shown in the figure. Pulling the first boot 250 a and the secondboot 250 b over their respective spherical ends of drive shaft 230 isexceptionally difficult because the second ends of first boot 250 a andsecond boot 250 b have a diameter smaller than that of the sphericalends of drive shaft 230. In many instances, the boots are torn orotherwise damaged in attempting to pull them over their respectivespherical ends of drive shaft 230.

Continuing in FIG. 3D, a first plurality of spherical balls 232 areremovably attached to the first plurality of spherical indentationsformed in the first spherical end of drive shaft 230 and a secondplurality of spherical balls 232 are removably attached to the secondplurality of spherical indentations formed in the second spherical endof drive shaft 230. A second beryllium copper cap 240 b is disposed in acorresponding cavity of second adapter 210 b as shown in the figure. Thesecond spherical end of drive shaft 230 and the second plurality ofspherical balls 232 removably disposed thereon are removably attached tosecond adapter 210 b. The second spherical end of drive shaft 230 isoriented such that the second plurality of spherical balls 232 removablyslides into position in the corresponding sidewall of second adapter 210b. Continuing in FIG. 3E, a second split ring clamp 260 b is placedaround the second boot 250 b such that a first end having a flaredaperture of a first diameter of second split ring clamp 260 b is wrappedaround the first end of second boot 250 b within second adapter 210 b.Continuing in FIG. 3F, a second adapter cap 220 b is removably attachedto second adapter 210 b. As second adapter cap 220 b is secured tosecond adapter 210 b, second adapter cap 220 b is flush with a secondend of second split ring clamp 260 b such that second split ring clamp260 b closes as second adapter cap 220 b is removably attached to secondadapter 210 b.

Continuing in FIG. 3G, a first beryllium copper cap 240 a is disposed ina corresponding cavity of first adapter 210 a as shown in the figure.The first spherical end of drive shaft 230 and the first plurality ofspherical balls 232 removably disposed thereon are removably attached tofirst adapter 210 a. The first spherical end of drive shaft 230 isoriented such that the first plurality of spherical balls 232 removablyslides into position in the corresponding sidewall of first adapter 210a. Continuing in FIG. 3H, a first split ring clamp 260 a is placedaround the first boot 250 a such that a first end having a flaredaperture of a first diameter of first split ring clamp 260 a is wrappedaround the first end of first boot 250 a within first adapter 210 a.Continuing in FIG. 3I, a first adapter cap 220 a is removably attachedto first adapter 210 a. As first adapter cap 220 a is secured to firstadapter 210 a, first adapter cap 220 a is flush with a second end offirst split ring clamp 260 a such that first split ring clamp 260 acloses as first adapter cap 220 a is removably attached to first adapter210 a.

As noted above, in operation, the conventional drive shaft assembly isprone to failure. The first boot and the second boot tend to wear outwith use, deform, and, in many instances, disintegrate. When the bootsfail, the joints lose lubrication, become contaminated by the drillingfluid and/or drilling mud or other particulate matter, and tend to failrather quickly. Failures relating to the drive shaft assembly canmanifest themselves in a variety of ways negatively impacting itsfunctionality as well as, for example, the functionality of the mandrelof the bearing assembly, the bearings of the bearing assembly, theradial bearing, and the drill bit itself. When there is a failure withany component of the BHA arising out of the failure of the conventionaldrive shaft assembly, the drilling operations must be stopped, the BHAmust be removed from the wellbore, the various components of the BHAmust be disassembled to determine the source of the failure, then thefailed components must be repaired and/or replaced prior to redeployingthe BHA and continuing drilling operations.

Accordingly, in one or more embodiments of the present invention animproved drive shaft assembly provides substantially similarfunctionality to that of a conventional drive shaft assembly in a mannerthat is more robust, less prone to failure, and capable of functioningfor extended periods of time free from maintenance and/or service.

FIG. 4A shows an assembled view of a drive shaft assembly 160 b inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. Driveshaft assembly 160 b may be used in place of, for example, aconventional drive shaft assembly 160 a, thereby providing a number ofadvantages as noted herein by mere substitution. Drive shaft assembly160 b includes, in part, first adapter 310 a, first adapter cap 320 a,drive shaft 330, second adapter cap 320 b, and second adapter 310 b.First adapter 310 a, first adapter cap 320 a, drive shaft 330, secondadapter cap 320 b, and second adapter 310 b are unibody components madeout of a metal or a metal alloy. In certain embodiments, they are madeout of 8620 alloy steel. In other embodiments, they may be made out of9310 alloy steel. In still other embodiments, they may be made out of4140 alloy steel with EN30B shafting. One of ordinary skill in the artwill recognize that other metals or metal alloys may be used inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. One ofordinary skill in the art will also recognize that the materialcomposition may vary based on an application or design in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the present invention. In certainembodiments, first adapter cap 320 a may include threading configuredfor right hand tightening while second adapter cap 320 b may includethreading configured for left hand tightening. In this way, when thespherical rotates in a right hand direction, the components of the driveshaft assembly 160 b tighten rather than loosen.

First adapter 310 a is mechanically connected to a hydraulic powersection (e.g., 150 of FIG. 1) and receives eccentric rotation from thehydraulic power section (e.g., 150 of FIG. 1). The rotation of firstadapter 310 a rotates drive shaft 330. The rotation of drive shaft 330rotates second adapter 310 b. The rotation of second adapter 310 brotates a flow diverter (e.g., 170 of FIG. 1) that rotates a mandrel(not shown) of a bearing assembly (e.g., 180 of FIG. 1) that in turnrotates a drill bit (e.g., 190 of FIG. 1). Because of the freedom ofmovement between first adapter 310 a and drive shaft 330 and the freedomof movement between drive shaft 330 and second adapter 310 b, theeccentric rotation of first adapter 310 a is converted intosubstantially concentric rotation at second adapter 310 b.

FIG. 4B shows an exploded view of the drive shaft assembly 160 b inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. Asnoted above, drive shaft assembly 160 b includes first adapter 310 a,first adapter cap 320 a, drive shaft 330, second adapter cap 320 b, andsecond adapter 310 a. Drive shaft assembly 160 b also includes firstseal 322, first distal spherical ball 334, a first plurality ofspherical balls 332, a second plurality of spherical balls 332, seconddistal spherical ball 334, and second seal 322.

FIGS. 5A through 5D show an adapter 310 of a drive shaft assembly (160 bof FIG. 4A and 4B) in accordance with one or more embodiments of thepresent invention. Adapter 310 is representative of first adapter 310 aor second adapter 310 b of FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 5A shows a bottomperspective view of adapter 310. A first end of adapter 310 includesmale threading formed around a portion of an outer circumference that isconfigured for removably attaching adapter 310 to, for example, ahydraulic power section (e.g., 150 of FIG. 1) or a flow diverter (e.g.,170 of FIG. 1) that includes a corresponding female threaded end.

Continuing in FIG. 5B, a top perspective view of adapter 310 is shown. Asecond distal end of adapter 310 includes a cavity (partially shown)that includes a patterned bottom (not shown), patterned inner sidewall(partially shown), and a female threading (partially shown) formedwithin an inner circumference near the top of the second end of adapter310. The threading formed within the inner circumference near the top ofthe second end of adapter 310 may be used to removably attach an adaptercap (e.g., 320 of FIGS. 4A and 4B) that includes a male threaded end.

Continuing in FIG. 5C, a side view of the adapter 310 is shown.Continuing in FIG. 5D, a top view of the adapter 310 is shown. Theinterior of the cavity of adapter 310 (accessible via the second distalend), includes a ball cage formed by a plurality of cylindrical segments311 formed in a sidewall of an inner circumference of the cavity. Incertain embodiments, the ball cage may include seven cylindricalsegments 311. In other embodiments, the ball cage may include sixcylindrical segments 311. In still other embodiments, the ball cage mayinclude five cylindrical segments 311. In still other embodiments, theball cage may include a number of cylindrical segments 311 in a rangebetween five and eight cylindrical segments 311. One of ordinary skillin the art will recognize that the number of cylindrical segments 311used may vary based on an application or design.

In operation, the drive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B) includes a plurality ofspherical indentations in which a plurality of spherical balls 332 areremovably attached. When the drive shaft 330 and the plurality ofspherical balls (332 of FIG. 4B) are inserted into the cavity of adapter310, the balls (332 of FIG. 4B) are secured in place by the plurality ofspherical indentations of drive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B) and the ball cageformed by the plurality of cylindrical segments 311. As such, theplurality of spherical balls (332 of FIG. 4B) provide the drivingcontact between the drive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B) and the adapter 310.Adapter 310 also includes a distal spherical indentation 312 formed in adistal bottom of the cavity of adapter 310. Distal spherical indentation312 is configured to receive a spherical ball (334 of FIG. 4B) that maybe secured in place by a corresponding spherical indentation formed in adistal end of the drive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B). Advantageously, thedrive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B) may move more freely and without damage to,for example, a beryllium copper cap of a conventional drive shaftassembly. For example, as the drive shaft (330 of FIG. 4B) moves, itpivots around the spherical ball (334 of FIG. 4B) whereas in aconventional drive shaft assembly the movement of the spherical end ofthe conventional drive shaft imparts force on the beryllium cap causingit to deform.

FIGS. 6A through 6D show an adapter cap 320 of a drive shaft assembly(160 b of FIG. 4A and 4B) in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe present invention. Adapter cap 320 is representative of firstadapter cap 320 a or second adapter cap 320 b of FIGS. 4A and 4B.However, in certain embodiments, adapter cap 320 a may include threadingconfigured for right hand tightening and adapter cap 320 b may includethreading configured for left hand tightening (not independentlyillustrated) to promote tightening as the downhole spherical rotates ina right hand direction.

FIG. 6A shows a bottom perspective view of adapter cap 320. A first endof adapter cap 320 includes male threading formed around a portion of anouter circumference that is configured for removably attaching adaptercap 320 to an adapter (310 of FIGS. 4A through 5D). A groove (notindependent illustrated) is formed on an interior circumference of thefirst end of adapter cap 320 and is configured to receive a seal 322. Afirst distal end of adapter cap 320 includes a first aperture of a firstdiameter. Continuing in FIG. 6B, a top perspective view of adapter cap320 is shown. A second distal end of adapter cap 320 includes a secondaperture of a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter ofthe first aperture. Continuing in FIG. 6C, a side perspective view ofadapter 320 is shown. Continuing in FIG. 6D, a cross-sectional side viewof adapter 320 is shown. As shown in the cross-section, the seconddiameter of the second aperture is larger than the first diameter of thefirst aperture, forming a tapered inner aperture. Seal 322 may bedisposed in a groove (not shown) formed in a circumference of the inneraperture of the first end of adapter cap 320. In certain embodiments,seal 322 may be an o-ring comprised of a fluoropolymer. In otherembodiments, seal 322 may be a cup seal. One of ordinary skill in theart will recognize that seal 322 may vary in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A through 7D show a drive shaft 330 of a drive shaft assembly(160 b of FIG. 4A and 4B) in accordance with one or more embodiments ofthe present invention. FIG. 7A shows a perspective view of drive shaft330. Drive shaft 330 includes a first cylindrical end having a firstdiameter, a cylindrical portion having a second diameter smaller thanthe first diameter, and a second cylindrical end having the firstdiameter. The first cylindrical end of drive shaft 330 includes a firstplurality of spherical indentations 331 formed in an outer circumferenceof the first end of drive shaft 330. The second cylindrical end of driveshaft 330 includes a second plurality of spherical indentations 331formed in an outer circumference of the second end of drive shaft 330.In certain embodiments, each cylindrical end of drive shaft 330 mayinclude seven spherical indentations 331. In other embodiments, eachcylindrical end of drive shaft 330 may include six sphericalindentations 331. In still other embodiments, each cylindrical end ofdrive shaft 330 may include five spherical indentations 331. In stillother embodiments, each cylindrical end of drive shaft 330 may include anumber of spherical indentations 331 in a range between five and eightspherical indentations 331. One of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that the number of spherical indentations 331 used may varybased on an application or design. Continuing in FIG. 7B, a side view ofdrive shaft 330 is shown. Drive shaft 330 may have a length anddiameters that may vary based on an application or design. Continuing inFIG. 7C, a top view of a first distal end of drive shaft 330 is shown.The first distal end of drive shaft 330 includes a first distalspherical indentation 333. Continuing in FIG. 7D, a bottom view of asecond distal end of drive shaft 330 is shown. The second distal end ofdrive shaft 330 includes a second distal spherical indentation 333.

FIGS. 8A through 8H shows a method of assembling a drive shaft assembly160 b in accordance with one or more embodiments of the presentinvention. In FIG. 8A, drive shaft 330 includes a first cylindrical endand a second cylindrical end that are substantially identical to oneanother. Around an outer circumference of the first cylindrical end, afirst plurality of spherical indentations 331 is formed that areconfigured to receive a first plurality of spherical balls (332 of FIG.4b ). Around an outer circumference of the second cylindrical end, asecond plurality of spherical indentations 331 is formed that areconfigured to receive a second plurality of spherical balls (332 of FIG.4b ). The first and the second plurality of spherical indentations 331may be greased to help hold the first and the second plurality ofspherical balls (332 of FIG. 4b ) in place at a later time.

Continuing in FIG. 8B, a first adapter cap 320 a may be disposed arounda first end of drive shaft 330 and a second adapter cap 320 b may bedisposed around a second end of drive shaft 330. The first cylindricalend of drive shaft 330 extends through the tapered inner aperture of thefirst adapter cap 320 a. The second cylindrical end of drive shaft 330extends through the tapered inner aperture of the second adapter cap 320b. The first adapter cap 320 a and the second adapter cap 320 b arepositioned such that their male threaded ends are directed outward asshown in the figure. Continuing in FIG. 8C, a first seal 322 may bedisposed around the first end of drive shaft 330 and a second seal 322may be disposed around the second end of drive shaft 330. In certainembodiments, the first and the second seals 322 may be formed by acylindrical rubber member whose distal ends are glued together in placeforming o-rings. In other embodiments, the first and the second seals322 may be unibody members formed in the shape of o-rings. In stillother embodiments, the first and the second seals 322 may be other typeof seal. Continuing in FIG. 8D, the first and the second seals 322 maybe pushed into their corresponding grooves in the first adapter cap 320a and the second adapter cap 320 b respectively. In certain embodiments,the first and the second seals 322 may be pushed into place from thefirst aperture of the first ends of adapter caps 320 a and 320 b. Inother embodiments, the first and the second seals 322 may be pushed intoplace from the second aperture of the second ends of adapter caps 320 aand 320 b. A first plurality of spherical balls 332 may be removablyattached to the first plurality of spherical indentations 331 formed inthe first end of drive shaft 330. A second plurality of spherical balls332 may be removably attached to the second plurality of sphericalindentations 331 formed in the second end of drive shaft 330. In certainembodiments, grease may be used to hold the spherical balls 332 in placeduring assembly and provide lubrication for the spherical balls 332during use.

Continuing in FIG. 8E, a second distal spherical ball 334 may beremovably attached to a second distal spherical indentation (312 of FIG.5D) formed in second adapter 310 b. The second end of drive shaft 330and the second plurality of spherical balls 332 removably disposedthereon are removably attached to second adapter 310 b such that asecond distal spherical indentation 333 of drive shaft 330 is in movablecontact with second distal spherical ball 334 and the second pluralityof spherical balls 332 removably slide into position in thecorresponding sidewall of second adapter 310 b. When the drive shaft 330and the second plurality of spherical balls 332 are inserted into thecavity of second adapter 310 b, the second distal spherical ball 333 issecured in place by the second distal spherical indentation 333 of driveshaft 330 and the second distal spherical indentation 312 of secondadapter 310 b. In addition, the plurality of spherical balls 332 aresecured in place by the plurality of spherical indentations 331 of driveshaft 330 and the ball cage formed by the plurality of cylindricalsegments 311. As such, the plurality of spherical balls 332 provides thedriving contact between the drive shaft 330 and the second adapter 310b. Continuing in FIG. 8F, second adapter cap 320 b may be removablyattached to second adapter 310 b. When second adapter cap 320 b issecured to second adapter 310 b, second seal 332 forms a seal around thesecond diameter of the drive shaft 330 such that the second end of driveshaft 330, the second plurality of spherical balls 332, the seconddistal spherical ball 334, and the cavity of adapter 310 b is sealed,retains any lubrication disposed therein, and prevents drilling fluidand/or drilling mud from entering the sealed cavity.

Continuing in FIG. 8G, a first distal spherical ball 334 may beremovably attached to a first distal spherical indentation (312 of FIG.5D) formed in first adapter 310 a. The first end of drive shaft 330 andthe first plurality of spherical balls 332 removably disposed thereonmay be removably attached to first adapter 310 a such that a firstdistal spherical indentation 333 of drive shaft 330 is in movablecontact with first distal spherical ball 334 and the first plurality ofspherical balls 332 removably slide into position in the correspondingsidewall of first adapter 310 a. When the drive shaft 330 and the firstplurality of spherical balls 332 are inserted into the cavity of firstadapter 310 a, the first distal spherical ball 334 is secured in placeby the first distal spherical indentation 333 of drive shaft 330 and thefirst distal spherical indentation 312 of first adapter 310 a. Inaddition, the plurality of spherical balls 332 are secured in place bythe first plurality of spherical indentations 331 of drive shaft 330 andthe ball cage formed by the plurality of cylindrical segments 311. Assuch, the first plurality of spherical balls 332 provides the drivingcontact between the drive shaft 330 and the first adapter 310 a.Continuing in FIG. 8H, first adapter cap 320 a may be removably attachedto first adapter 310 a. When first adapter cap 320 a is secured to firstadapter 310 a, first seal 332 forms a seal around the second diameter ofthe drive shaft 330 such that the first end of drive shaft 330, thefirst plurality of spherical balls 332, the first distal spherical ball334, and the cavity of adapter 310 a is sealed, retains any lubricationdisposed therein, and prevents drilling fluid and/or drilling mud fromentering the sealed cavity.

FIG. 9 shows a portion of a bottom hole assembly in accordance with oneor more embodiments of the present invention. A portion of bottom holeassembly (e.g., 195 of FIG. 1) may include a drive shaft assembly 160 b,a flow diverter 170, a bearing assembly 180, and a drill bit 190. Ahousing that covers the drive shaft assembly 160 b and flow diverter 170is not shown to illustrate how the drive shaft assembly 160 b hasfreedom of movement that reduces or eliminates eccentricity.

Advantages of one or more embodiments of the present invention mayinclude one or more of the following:

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly may be used in place of a conventional drive shaft assembly.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly provides at least the same level of performance as that of aconventional drive shaft assembly and in many instances improvedperformance.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly includes a unique design for an adapter that includes a cavitythat includes a distal spherical indentation. A distal spherical balldisposed in the distal spherical indentation provides a pivot pointaround which a drive shaft may move. Because of the freedom of movementand the lack of a beryllium copper cap, there is no consumable part inthe adapter cap.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly includes a unique design for a drive shaft having a firstdiameter along a substantial length and a first end and a second endthat each have a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter.A first and a second distal end of the drive shaft includes asubstantially flat surface that includes a first and a second distalspherical indentation. Because the drive shaft does not include aspherical end and instead relies on the drive shaft pivoting arounddistal spherical ball, the drive shaft does not damage, for example, aberyllium copper cap.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly includes a unique design for an adapter cap that includes atapered inner aperture that includes a groove for a seal. The seal issized such that it forms a seal with the second diameter of the driveshaft. The adapter cap with seal forms a tight seal with the drive shaftthat retains any lubrication disposed therein and prevents drillingfluid and/or drilling mud from entering the sealed cavity.Advantageously, this design does not require the use of a consumableboot and allows for prolonged periods of use without maintenance orservice.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly reduces the operating cost of a hydraulic drilling system.Conventional drive shaft assemblies are prone to failure. When aconventional drive shaft assembly fails, drilling operations must cease,the BHA must be removed from the wellbore, the drive shaft assembly mustbe disassembled and consumable parts must be repaired or replaced beforeit is reassembled and the BHA is redeployed. Because the drive shaftassembly of the claimed invention includes fewer parts overall and noconsumable parts, the drive shaft assembly may be used for prolongedperiods of time without maintenance or service.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly provides improved reliability over a conventional drive shaftassembly. The design of the drive shaft, adapter, and adapter cap of thedrive shaft assembly forms a sealed cavity that retains any lubricationdisposed therein and prevents drilling fluid and/or drilling mud fromentering the sealed cavity. The tapered inner aperture of the adaptercap includes a seal disposed therein that forms a seal around a seconddiameter of the drive shaft. Unlike a boot of a conventional drive shaftassembly, the o-ring is not prone to failure and does not disintegrate.As such, the sealed cavity of the drive shaft assembly retainslubrication and prevents contamination by drilling fluid and/or drillingmud for substantially longer amounts of time allowing for prolonged useof drive shaft assembly in a way that a conventional drive shaftassembly cannot achieve.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly is easier to assemble than a conventional drive shaft assembly.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly is at or near cost parity with a conventional drive shaftassembly.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a size of thevarious components of a drive shaft assembly may vary based on anapplication or design.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly may be compatible with hydraulic drilling systems including,for example, a coiled tubing rig.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a drive shaftassembly may be compatible with top drive drilling systems.

While the present invention has been described with respect to theabove-noted embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the benefit ofthis disclosure, will recognize that other embodiments may be devisedthat are within the scope of the invention as disclosed herein.Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A bootless drive shaft assembly comprising: adrive shaft comprising a first cylindrical end having a first diameter,a cylindrical portion having a second diameter, and a second cylindricalend having the first diameter, wherein a first distal end of the driveshaft includes a first distal spherical indentation and wherein a seconddistal end of the drive shaft includes a second distal sphericalindentation; a first adapter cap comprising a first tapered inneraperture and a first seal disposed within a first groove formed in acircumference of the first tapered inner aperture, wherein the firsttapered inner aperture is configured to receive the first cylindricalend of the drive shaft and the first seal forms a seal with thecylindrical portion of the drive shaft having the second diameter; afirst adapter comprising a first distal spherical indentation; a firstdistal spherical ball removably disposed between the first distalspherical indentation of the first adapter and the first distalspherical indentation of the first distal end of the drive shaft; asecond adapter cap comprising a second tapered inner aperture and asecond seal disposed within a second groove formed in a circumference ofthe second tapered inner aperture, wherein the second tapered inneraperture is configured to receive the second cylindrical end of thedrive shaft and the second seal forms a seal with the cylindricalportion of the drive shaft having the second diameter; a second adaptercomprising a second distal spherical indentation; and a second distalspherical ball removably disposed between the second distal sphericalindentation of the second adapter and the second distal sphericalindentation of the second distal end of the drive shaft.
 2. The driveshaft assembly of claim 1, wherein the first cylindrical end of thedrive shaft comprises a first plurality of spherical indentations formedin an outer circumference of the first cylindrical end.
 3. The driveshaft assembly of claim 2, wherein the first plurality of sphericalindentations comprises seven spherical indentations.
 4. The drive shaftassembly of claim 1, wherein the first adapter comprises a firstplurality of cylindrical segments formed in a sidewall of an innercircumference of a cavity of the first adapter.
 5. The drive shaftassembly of claim 1, wherein the first cylindrical end of the driveshaft extends through the first tapered inner aperture of the firstadapter cap.
 6. The drive shaft assembly of claim 2, wherein a firstplurality of spherical balls are removably attached to the firstplurality of spherical indentations.
 7. The drive shaft assembly ofclaim 6, wherein the first cylindrical end of the drive shaft and theremovably attached first plurality of spherical balls are inserted intothe first adapter.
 8. The drive shaft assembly of claim 1, wherein thefirst distal spherical indentation of the drive shaft movably contactsthe first distal spherical ball.
 9. The drive shaft assembly of claim 1,wherein the first adapter cap removably attaches to the first adapterand secures the first cylindrical end of the drive shaft to the firstadapter.
 10. The drive shaft assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondcylindrical end of the drive shaft comprises a second plurality ofspherical indentations formed in an outer circumference of the secondcylindrical end.
 11. The drive shaft assembly of claim 10, wherein thesecond plurality of spherical indentations comprises seven sphericalindentations.
 12. The drive shaft assembly of claim 1, wherein thesecond adapter comprises a second plurality of cylindrical segmentsformed in a sidewall of an inner circumference of a cavity of the secondadapter.
 13. The drive shaft assembly of claim 1, wherein the secondcylindrical end of the drive shaft extends through the second taperedinner aperture of the second adapter cap.
 14. The drive shaft assemblyof claim 10, wherein a second plurality of spherical balls are removablyattached to the second plurality of spherical indentations.
 15. Thedrive shaft assembly of claim 14, wherein the second cylindrical end ofthe drive shaft and the removably attached second plurality of sphericalballs are inserted into the second adapter.
 16. The drive shaft assemblyof claim 1, wherein the second distal spherical indentation of the driveshaft movably contacts the second distal spherical ball
 17. The driveshaft assembly of claim 1, wherein the second adapter cap removablyattaches to the second adapter and secures the second cylindrical end ofthe drive shaft to the second adapter.
 18. The drive shaft assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the first and the second seal each comprise an o-ring19. The drive shaft assembly of claim 18, wherein the o-ring comprisesfluoropolymer elastomer.
 20. The drive shaft assembly of claim 18,wherein the o-ring comprises synthetic rubber.